Diabetes Spectrum 17:183-190, 2004
© American Diabetes Association ®, Inc., 2004
Glucose Metabolism and Regulation: Beyond Insulin and Glucagon
Stephen L. Aronoff, MD, FACP, FACE,
Kathy Berkowitz, APRN, BC, FNP, CDE,
Barb Shreiner, RN, MN, CDE, BC-ADM and
Laura Want, RN, MS, CDE, CCRC, BC-ADM
Address correspondence and requests for reprints to: Barb Schreiner, RN, MN,
CDE, BC-ADM, Amylin Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 9360 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego,
CA 92121.
Insulin and glucagon are potent regulators of glucose metabolism. For
decades, we have viewed diabetes from a bi-hormonal perspective of glucose
regulation. This perspective is incomplete and inadequate in explaining some
of the difficulties that patients and practitioners face when attempting to
tightly control blood glucose concentrations. Intensively managing diabetes
with insulin is fraught with frustration and risk. Despite our best efforts,
glucose fluctuations are unpredictable, and hypoglycemia and weight gain are
common. These challenges may be a result of deficiencies or abnormalities in
other glucoregulatory hormones. New understanding of the roles of other
pancreatic and incretin hormones has led to a multi-hormonal view of glucose
homeostasis.

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Copyright © 2004 by the American Diabetes Association.
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