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Meal-Planning Strategies: Ethnic Populations

The first 300 words of the full text of this article appear below.

	Introduction

 
Cultural awareness in today’s society has become increasingly important for diabetes clinicians and educators. Demographics in the United States are changing rapidly, and the prevalence of type 2 diabetes among many racial and ethnic groups is extremely high. To be effective in encouraging clients among these groups to make healthier food choices, counselors require a specific knowledge of various food habits, preferences, and practices.

All people use food in culturally defined ways, and the meaning of food in our lives far exceeds that of simply providing sustenance. Cultural food patterns are defined by what foods are eaten, when they are eaten, how they are eaten, and with whom they are eaten. Ethnic groups differ in how they identify foods and how they prepare them, the condiments they use, and the timing and frequency of meals. Foods are also frequently used in symbolic ways, playing an integral role in religious ceremonies and social events. Although cultural food practices are dynamic and ever-changing, many of the traditions relating to them persist even with a high level of social acculturation.

	Cultural Competency

 
Cultural competency is the ability to work effectively with clients of different cultural backgrounds. Counseling must be based on counselors’ awareness of their own cultural beliefs and worldview and of their own personal stereotypes and preconceived notions. This self-awareness is the starting point for developing sensitivity to cultural differences and for understanding the importance of family patterns, cultural values, and beliefs and behaviors that relate to food practices.¹

Knowledge of the culture of an ethnic group can be obtained from many sources: first from the current literature; then through working with community leaders and members, spiritual and religious leaders, and medical practitioners (particularly community health workers) who serve the group; and, if it is appropriate, from consultation with traditional healers. Counselors should also . . . [Full Text of this Article]

	Communication and Intervention in Multicultural Nutrition Counseling

 
General considerations
Assessment of cultural beliefs and food practices
Adaptation of diabetes education approaches and materials
Other counseling considerations
A Practical Approach

	Sample Study: Food Practices, Beliefs, and Customs of Alaska Natives

 
Traditional food practices
Current food practices
Holidays, celebrations, and fasting
Implications for nutrition counseling

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