Skip to main content
  • More from ADA
    • Diabetes
    • Diabetes Care
    • Clinical Diabetes
    • ADA Standards of Medical Care
    • ADA Standards of Medical Care, abridged
    • ADA Scientific Sessions Abstracts
    • BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care
  • Subscribe
  • Log in
  • Log out
  • My Cart
  • Follow ada on Twitter
  • RSS
  • Visit ada on Facebook
Diabetes Spectrum

Advanced Search

Main menu

  • Home
  • Current
    • Current Issue
    • Online Ahead of Print
    • ADA Standards of Medical Care
    • ADA Standards of Medical Care, Abridged
  • Browse
    • Issue Archive
    • Saved Searches
    • COVID-19 Article Collection
    • ADA Standards of Medical Care
    • ADA Standards of Medical Care, Abridged
  • Info
    • About the Journal
    • About the Editors
    • ADA Journal Policies
    • Instructions for Authors
    • Guidance for Reviewers
  • Reprints/Reuse
  • Advertising
  • Subscriptions
    • Individual Subscriptions
    • Institutional Subscriptions and Site Licenses
    • Access Institutional Usage Reports
    • Purchase Single Issues
  • Alerts
    • E­mail Alerts
    • RSS Feeds
  • Podcasts
    • Diabetes Core Update
    • Special Podcast Series: Therapeutic Inertia
    • Special Podcast Series: Influenza Podcasts
    • Special Podcast Series: SGLT2 Inhibitors
    • Special Podcast Series: COVID-19
  • Submit
    • Submit a Manuscript
    • Journal Policies
    • Instructions for Authors
  • More from ADA
    • Diabetes
    • Diabetes Care
    • Clinical Diabetes
    • ADA Standards of Medical Care
    • ADA Standards of Medical Care, abridged
    • ADA Scientific Sessions Abstracts
    • BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care

User menu

  • Subscribe
  • Log in
  • Log out
  • My Cart

Search

  • Advanced search
Diabetes Spectrum
  • Home
  • Current
    • Current Issue
    • Online Ahead of Print
    • ADA Standards of Medical Care
    • ADA Standards of Medical Care, Abridged
  • Browse
    • Issue Archive
    • Saved Searches
    • COVID-19 Article Collection
    • ADA Standards of Medical Care
    • ADA Standards of Medical Care, Abridged
  • Info
    • About the Journal
    • About the Editors
    • ADA Journal Policies
    • Instructions for Authors
    • Guidance for Reviewers
  • Reprints/Reuse
  • Advertising
  • Subscriptions
    • Individual Subscriptions
    • Institutional Subscriptions and Site Licenses
    • Access Institutional Usage Reports
    • Purchase Single Issues
  • Alerts
    • E­mail Alerts
    • RSS Feeds
  • Podcasts
    • Diabetes Core Update
    • Special Podcast Series: Therapeutic Inertia
    • Special Podcast Series: Influenza Podcasts
    • Special Podcast Series: SGLT2 Inhibitors
    • Special Podcast Series: COVID-19
  • Submit
    • Submit a Manuscript
    • Journal Policies
    • Instructions for Authors
Departments

Weight Loss, Diets, and Supplements: Does Anything Work?

  1. Jackie L. Boucher, MS, RD, LD, CDE,
  2. Kimberly J. Shafer, MS, RD, LD and
  3. Jodi A. Chaffin, RPh
    Diabetes Spectrum 2001 Aug; 14(3): 169-175. https://doi.org/10.2337/diaspect.14.3.169
    PreviousNext
    • Article
    • Figures & Tables
    • Info & Metrics
    • PDF
    Loading

    It is estimated that at least two-thirds of adults are currently trying to lose weight or prevent weight gain.1 While many are eating less fat to manage weight, few are using the recommended strategies of eating fewer calories and increasing physical activity.1

    Many individuals trying to lose or maintain weight engage in new behaviors for short periods of time. However, they are typically not able to maintain these new behaviors. In one study, for example, individuals reported using each of the following behaviors at least once in 4 years, but used these behaviors only 20% of the time: decreased fat intake (78.7%), reduced calories (73.2%), and increased exercise (82.2%).2

    Individuals attempting to lose weight may have unrealistic expectations, and if their expectations are not met, they may give up. Data suggest that people who want to lose weight want to lose, on average, at least 32% of their initial body weight3 even though health professionals recommend a weight loss of only 5–10% to improve obesity-related complications (e.g., lowering blood pressure or improving lipids).4 Weight-loss goals set by individuals are based more on appearance and physical comfort than on improved health.3

    Because weight-loss expectations differ from traditional, recommended programs that encourage small weight losses over time, consumers are turning to other diet gimmicks in hopes of achieving their goals.5 Americans are spending $33 billion annually for weight-loss products and services6 for which there may or may not be evidence supporting their effectiveness. This article reviews popular weight-loss diets and supplements. It also discusses prioritization of weight-management goals with diabetes management goals and offers key counseling messages.

    Facts About Diets and Supplements Patients Are Trying

    Diets.

    The past 50 years have seen a proliferation of diets. These have ranged from total fasting, to consuming 300–400 calories/day of liquid supplements, to eating 1,200–2,100 calories/day with varying macronutrient distributions (5–60% carbohydrate, 2–70% fat, and ≥20% protein).6

    Our patients who are concerned about their weight may have tried one, two, or more of these diets in an effort to lose or manage their weight. In the past decade, as Americans have become heavier, the diet industry has exploded. Of the top 50 best-selling diet books, 88% have been published since 1997.7

    Because of the growing popularity of fad diets, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) initiated a research program to assess the health and nutrition effects of popular diets. One of its first activities was a comprehensive, evidence-based literature review. In January 2001, the USDA posted an article on its Website8 summarizing this review, and later published the article in Obesity Research.7

    Although the USDA literature review was not specifically focused on weight loss and diabetes, it did provide information for health care professionals to use when counseling patients with diabetes. Table 1 offers evidence statements and evidence ratings from the review. This literature review confirmed that all low-calorie diets—and calorie reduction is the hidden foundation of most of the popular diets—result in loss of body weight and body fat. However, some diets are more nutritionally adequate than others.

    The USDA’s second step was to analyze existing data to determine the association between different health and nutrition indicators and popular diets.9 The USDA reviewed data collected between 1994 and 1996 from more than 10,014 adults aged 19 years and older as part of the Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals (CSFII). The CSFII consists of food consumption and dietary pattern information on a nationally representative sample.

    Popular diets were categorized into three prototypes and reviewed for total energy intake, macronutrient distribution, healthy eating index (HEI; range 0–100), fruit score (range 0–10), and variety score (range 0–10). A brief summary of results is shown in Table 2. Although these data do not show cause and effect, they do suggest that people eating low- to moderate-fat diets are more likely to eat fewer calories and a more nutritionally balanced diet (the higher the HEI, fruit, and variety scores, the more nutritionally balanced the diet).

    Dietary supplements.

    In addition to diets, many patients are trying dietary supplements as a means of achieving quick weight loss. Under the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA), a dietary supplement is defined as a product other than tobacco that contains a “dietary ingredient” and is intended to supplement the diet. Dietary ingredients include vitamins, minerals, herbs or other botanicals, amino acids, and substances such as enzymes, organ tissues, and metabolites. Dietary supplements must be labeled as such and can come in many forms, including powder, tablet, liquid, or capsule. They should not be used as a conventional food or as a sole meal or diet.10

    Dietary supplements can play an important role in health promotion and the prevention of chronic disease.10 However, concerns over their safety, dose, and advertising must be considered. A primary concern is that DSHEA does not require pre-market safety approvals for dietary supplements. Manufacturers are not required to disclose any information they have about the safety or alleged benefits of their supplement products.10 In one example, animal studies showed promise for the supplement hydroxycitrate, the active compound found in the Garcinia cambogia plant. However, a human trial11 found no benefit for weight loss. Nevertheless, hydroxycitrate is still being promoted for weight loss based on the animal studies.

    Another concern is that dietary supplements may be described as “natural” or even “drug-free,” in advertising. Some patients may interpret this to mean that there are no safety concerns associated with the use of these products. Metabolife 356, for example, is marketed as a dietary supplement but contains ephedrine derived from the herb ma Huang and caffeine from the herb guarana. Ephedrine and caffeine are technically drugs, but when used in a dietary supplement, they are classified as herbs. Although controversial, there are safety concerns for ephedrine and even greater concerns when it is combined with caffeine. The Food and Drug Administration has proposed labeling changes for dietary supplements containing ephedrine alkaloids and has suggested limiting the dose per tablet because of several reports of adverse reactions and deaths associated with its use.12

    Additional concern related to dietary supplements is the lack of congruency between doses and forms of products used in studies and those shown on the label of the supplement product. In the case of the dietary supplement pyruvate, for example, the dosage used in weight-loss studies ranged from 25 to 30 g/day. The typical dose found in products sold in health food stores and through mail-order companies contains only 400–600 mg pyruvate per capsule, with recommendations to take 2–3 capsules 2–3 times daily, which translates into 2.4–3.6 g/day.13

    Because many patients choose to self-medicate with dietary supplements for weight loss despite the controversy and lack of evidence supporting their use, it is imperative for health care professionals to be aware of the safety concerns associated with weight-loss supplements. A selection of popular supplements and their associated safety concerns are presented in Table 3.14–22

    Weight Management Strategies That Can Work

    Evidence suggests that low- and moderate-fat, calorie-restricted diets promote weight loss and are more nutritionally adequate than high-protein, high-fat, low-carbohydrate diets. Evidence is lacking to support the inclusion of high-protein, high-fat, low-carbohydrate diets or weight-loss supplements in weight management programs.

    Behavioral weight-loss programs that focus on calorie balancing, using a combination of decreased caloric intake and increased exercise, are shown to be the most effective approaches to weight loss. Such programs typically include a caloric goal of 1,200–1,500/day, which is designed to produce an energy deficit of 500–1,000 calories/day and consequently a 1- to 2-lb/week loss. In addition, they advocate consuming 20–25% of total calories from fat and expending a minimum of 1,000 calories/week23 and optimally 2,000 calories/week24 through exercise. Additionally, many successful programs offer education and guidelines for stimulus control; self-monitoring (i.e., regular weighing, logging food intake); restaurant and social eating; healthy food choices and portion control; stress management; modest goal setting; self-talk;23,25 problem solving; recipe modification; assertiveness training;24 and motivation enhancement.23,26

    People participating in behavioral weight-loss programs lose an average of 8.4 kg (18.5 lb) during treatment (∼20 weeks) and are able to maintain, on average, two-thirds of this loss 9–10 months after initial treatment.27 However, within 3–5 years after treatment, they gradually return to their baseline weight.4,27

    Although this sounds discouraging, some individuals have used effective strategies to maintain their weight loss over the long term. The National Weight Control Registry (NWCR) provides the largest collection of data on successful weight losers and maintainers. Participants eligible for enrollment in the registry must have lost ≥30 lb (13.6 kg) and have maintained the loss for ≥1 year.28 More than 3,000 people are enrolled in the registry.29

    A total of 629 women and 155 men from the registry were surveyed to identify strategies they used to successfully lose and maintain weight.28 Participants in the study lost an average of 66 lb and maintained the minimum required weight loss (30 lb) for an average of 5.5 years. Sixteen percent of the sample maintained the 30-lb weight loss for ≥10 years. More than half (55%) of the sample sought formal or professional assistance for weight loss (e.g., Weight Watchers or sessions with a registered dietitian), whereas the remaining 45% lost weight on their own.

    To facilitate weight loss, 89% modified both dietary and activity habits; 10% modified diet only; and 1% modified activity only. Of those who made dietary changes, the three most frequently used methods were limiting certain types of food or food groups (87.6%), decreasing portion sizes (44.2%), and counting calories (43.7%). In addition to dietary changes, physical activity and exercise were influential in participants’ weight-loss efforts. Ninety-two percent of the participants exercised at home, and about one-third exercised with a group (31.3%) or a friend (40.3%). Women were more likely to report participating in walking and aerobic dancing, and men were more likely to participate in competitive sports and weight lifting.

    Weight maintenance strategies used by registry participants were similar to those used for weight loss. A summary of these strategies is shown in Table 4. Strategies used by NWCR participants to lose and maintain weight are comparable to typical behavioral weight-loss interventions. Participants followed a low-fat (∼25% of total calories) and low-calorie diet, practiced self-monitoring techniques (e.g., self-weighing), modified portion sizes, and expended >2,000 calories/week through physical activity and exercise.

    Prioritizing Weight Management With Diabetes Management Goals

    Strategies used to promote weight loss and weight maintenance are similar to strategies used for improving blood glucose control. Individuals with diabetes do benefit from improving food choices, spacing food intake throughout the day, reducing calories, and exercising regularly—all strategies necessary for weight management.28–30 However, it is important to frame weight management goals with diabetes management goals. Often, when patients are diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, they are advised to lose weight to “avoid medication”; weight loss becomes a primary treatment goal.

    Should weight loss be a primary treatment goal? How long should you hold off medication to see if weight loss will improve glycemic control? These are important questions for health care professionals to consider when recommending weight loss to individuals with diabetes.

    While weight loss has been shown to improve glycemic control in most people, it does not do so in all individuals with diabetes.32–35 In general, the greater the fasting plasma glucose (FPG), the greater the weight loss required to return FPG to a normal range.32 Most individuals newly diagnosed with diabetes will respond to a 5- to 7-kg (11- to 15.4-lb) weight loss.32 However, if the initial FPG is >252 mg/dl, for example, a significant and most likely unrealistic weight loss would be required to achieve normal FPG levels.

    Even when an individual with diabetes diets sufficiently for 3 months to lose weight and reduces FPG to <108 mg/dl, this level of control is usually only maintained when energy intake continues to be restricted and more weight is lost. If the diet is restricted only sufficiently to maintain the initial weight loss, the FPG increases. Thus, reduction of energy intake is as important as losing weight and maintaining the weight loss if lowered FPG levels are to be maintained.32 This same trend was observed in another study,34 which showed that improvement in glycemic control for a given weight loss is greater initially than at 1 year.

    The American Diabetes Association position statement on Nutrition Recommendations and Principles for People with Diabetes Mellitus35 emphasizes the importance of improving the metabolic abnormalities associated with diabetes—hyperglycemia, dyslipidemias, and hypertension. Although weight loss is one of several strategies that can help improve metabolic abnormalities, it should not be the primary focus.35

    Type 2 diabetes is a progressive disorder, and as a result, therapy needs to be intensified over time.32 We should help patients understand and accept that, although weight loss and energy restriction may initially help them improve their diabetes control and even temporarily avoid oral agents or insulin, they may still require medication in the future. When the pancreas fails, diet therapy alone will not be enough, and medication will be needed to achieve blood glucose control.32

    Bottom Line: What to Know and Say

    What do we need to know as health care professionals, and what should we say to support our patients’ weight management efforts while helping them achieve their diabetes management goals? First, explain to patients that weight management is not the primary focus of their diabetes management plan. Second, review their weight-loss expectations and goals. It is important to help patients establish realistic expectations and to provide them with support. Successful weight management is possible, but it is a lifelong process requiring the same level of commitment as diabetes management. Third, educate patients about popular diets and supplements as they emerge. Encourage them to resist the avoid the temptation to buy a “magic” pill or potion that promises effortless weight loss or weight maintenance. Table 5 offers additional patient education messages and counseling strategies.

    It is our responsibility as health care professionals to stay abreast of the latest fad diets and dietary supplements so that we can effectively educate and inform our patients about their potential benefits and risks. Additional long-term and comprehensive weight management programs must be developed to deal with the epidemic of obesity and diabetes.

    View this table:
    • View inline
    • View popup
    • Download powerpoint
    Table 1.

    USDA Weight Management Evidence Statements

    View this table:
    • View inline
    • View popup
    • Download powerpoint
    Table 2.

    Mean Scores and Intakes in a Day for Adults Aged 19+ Years Who Consume a Nonvegetarian Diet

    View this table:
    • View inline
    • View popup
    • Download powerpoint
    Table 3.

    Safety Concerns of a Select Sample of Dietary Supplements Not Approved by the FDA

    View this table:
    • View inline
    • View popup
    • Download powerpoint
    Table 4.

    Weight Maintenance Strategies by NWCR Participants

    View this table:
    • View inline
    • View popup
    • Download powerpoint
    Table 5.

    Key Messages and Counseling Recommendations for Diabetes and Weight-Loss Management

    Footnotes

    • Jackie L. Boucher, MS, RD, LD, CDE, is manager of the Partners for Better Health Phone Line; Kimberly J. Shafer, MS, RD, LD, is a research dietitian; and Jodi A. Chaffin, RPh, is an herbal resource pharmacist at HealthPartners in Minneapolis, Minn.

    • American Diabetes Association

    References

    1. ↵
      Serdula MK, Mokdad AH, Williamson DF, Galuska DA, Mendlein JM, Heath GW: Prevalence of attempting weight loss and strategies for controlling weight. JAMA 282:1353–1358, 1999
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    2. ↵
      French SA, Jeffery RW, Murray D: Is dieting good for you? Prevalence, duration and associated weight and behaviour changes for specific weight loss strategies over four years in U.S. adults. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 23:320–327, 1999
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    3. ↵
      Foster GD, Wadden TA, Vogt RA, Brewer G: What is reasonable weight loss? Patients’ expectations and evaluations of obesity treatment and outcomes. J Consult Clin Psychol 65:79–85, 1997
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    4. ↵
      National Health, Lung, and Blood Institute: Clinical Guidelines of the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults. Bethesda, Md., National Institutes of Health, 1998 (NIH publ. no. 4083)
    5. ↵
      Cleland R, Graybill DC, Hubbard V, Kettel Khan L, Stern JS, Wadden TA, Weinsier R, Yanovski S: Commercial Weight Loss Products and Programs: What Consumers Stand to Gain and Lose. Washington, D.C., Federal Trade Commission, Bureau of Consumer Protection, 1998
    6. ↵
      Miller WC: How effective are traditional dietary and exercise interventions for weight loss? Med Sci Sports Exer 31:1129–1134, 1999
      OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
    7. ↵
      Freedman MR, King J, Kennedy E: Popular diets: a scientific review. Obes Res 9:S1–S40, 2001
      OpenUrlCrossRef
    8. ↵
      United States Department of Agriculture: White Paper Executive Summary on Popular Diets: www.nutrition.gov
    9. ↵
      Kennedy ET, Bowman SA, Spence JT, Freedman M, King J: Popular diets: correlation to health, nutrition and obesity. J Am Diet Assoc 101:411–420, 2001
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    10. ↵
      Food and Drug Administration: Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act: www.vm.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/dietsupp.htm
    11. ↵
      Heymsfield SB, Allison DB, Vasselli JR, Pietrobelli A, Greenfield D, Nunez C: Garcinia cambogia (hydroxycitric acid) as a potential antiobesity agent: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 280:1596–1600, 1998
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    12. ↵
      Gurley BJ, Gardner SF, Hubbard MA: Content versus label claims in ephedra-containing dietary supplements. Am J Health Syst Pharm 57:963–969, 2000
      OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    13. ↵
      Levien T, Baker DE: Pharmacist’s Letter Detail Document 130707. July 1997. Stockton, Calif. Available from: www.pharmacistsletter.com.
    14. ↵
      Micromedex Healthcare Series: Chromium Monograph., Micromedex, Inc., Englewood, Colo.
    15. Therapeutic Research: Chromium Monograph: Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database. Stockton, CA, 1995-2001. Available from www.naturaldatabase.com.
    16. Micromedex Healthcare Series: Ma Huang Monograph, Micromedex Inc., Englewood, Colo.
    17. Fugh-Berman A, Allina A: Ephedra for weight loss. Altern Ther Women’s Health 2:11,81–84, 2000
    18. Barrette E: Metabolife 356 for Weight Loss. Altern Med Alert 3:1–6, 2000
    19. Haller CA, Benowitz NL: Adverse cardiovascular and central nervous system events associated with dietary supplements containing ephedra alkaloids. N Engl J Med 343:1833–1838, 2000
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    20. Kemper KJ: Ephedra monograph. Longwood Herbal Task Force, Boston, Mass., May 2000. Available from: www.mcp.edu/herbal/ephedra/ephedra.pdf
    21. Micromedex Healthcare Series: 5-HTP Monograph, Micromedex, Inc., Englewood, Colo.
    22. ↵
      Jellin JM: Pharmacist’s Letter Natural Comprehensive Database. 5-HTP Monograph. Stockton, Calif., June 2000. Available from: www.naturaldatabase.com
    23. ↵
      Smith CF, Wing RR: New directions in behavioral weight-loss programs: Diabetes Spectrum 13:142–148, 2000
      OpenUrl
    24. ↵
      Balady GJ, Berra KA, Golding LA, Gordon NF, Mahler DA, Myers JN, Sheldahl LM: ACSM’s Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription. Philadelphia, Pa., Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2000, p. 216
    25. ↵
      Foreyt JP, Goodrick GK: Attributes of successful approaches to weight loss and control. Appl Prevent Psychol 3:209–215, 1994
      OpenUrlCrossRef
    26. ↵
      Jeffery RW, Drewnowski A, Epstein LH, Stunkard AJ, Wilson GT, Wing RR: Long-term maintenance of weight loss: current status. Health Psychol 19:S5–S16, 2000
      OpenUrl
    27. ↵
      Foreyt JP, Carlos Poston WS: What is the role of cognitive-behavior therapy in patient management? Obes Res 6:18S–22S, 1998
      OpenUrlPubMed
    28. ↵
      Klem ML, Wing RR, McGuire MT, Seagle HM, Hill JO: A descriptive study of individuals successful at long-term maintenance of substantial weight loss. Am J Clin Nutr 66:239–246, 1997
      OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    29. ↵
      Klem ML, Wing RR, Lang W, McGuire MT, Hill JO: Does weight maintenance become easier over time? Obes Res 8:438–444, 2000
      OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
    30. ↵
      Maggio CA, Pi-Sunyer FX: The prevention and treatment of obesity. Diabetes Care 20:1744–1766, 1997
      OpenUrlFREE Full Text
    31. Markovic TP, Jenkins AB, Campbell LV, Furler SM, Kraegen EW, Chisholm D: The determinants of glycemic responses to diet restriction and weight loss in obesity and NIDDM. Diabetes Care 21:687–694, 1998
      OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    32. ↵
      The UKPDS Study Group: UK Prospective Diabetes Study: Response of fasting plasma glucose to diet therapy in newly presenting type 2 diabetes patients. Metabolism 39:905–912, 1990
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    33. Watts NB, Spanheimer RG, Di Girolamo M, Gebhard SS, Musey VC, Siddiq YK, Phillips LS: Prediction of glucose response to weight loss in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Arch Intern Med 150:803–806, 1990
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    34. ↵
      Wing R, Koeske R, Epstein LH, Nowalk MP, Gooding W, Becker D: Long-term effects of modest weight loss in type II diabetic patients. Arch Intern Med 147:1749–1752, 1987
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    35. ↵
      American Diabetes Association: Nutrition recommendations and principles for people with diabetes mellitus (Position statement). Diabetes Care 24 (Suppl. 1):S44–S50, 2001
      OpenUrl
    PreviousNext
    Back to top

    In this Issue

    August 2001, 14(3)
    • Table of Contents
    • Index by Author
    Sign up to receive current issue alerts
    View Selected Citations (0)
    Print
    Download PDF
    Article Alerts
    Sign In to Email Alerts with your Email Address
    Email Article

    Thank you for your interest in spreading the word about Diabetes Spectrum.

    NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address.

    Enter multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas.
    Weight Loss, Diets, and Supplements: Does Anything Work?
    (Your Name) has forwarded a page to you from Diabetes Spectrum
    (Your Name) thought you would like to see this page from the Diabetes Spectrum web site.
    CAPTCHA
    This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions.
    Citation Tools
    Weight Loss, Diets, and Supplements: Does Anything Work?
    Jackie L. Boucher, Kimberly J. Shafer, Jodi A. Chaffin
    Diabetes Spectrum Aug 2001, 14 (3) 169-175; DOI: 10.2337/diaspect.14.3.169

    Citation Manager Formats

    • BibTeX
    • Bookends
    • EasyBib
    • EndNote (tagged)
    • EndNote 8 (xml)
    • Medlars
    • Mendeley
    • Papers
    • RefWorks Tagged
    • Ref Manager
    • RIS
    • Zotero
    Add to Selected Citations
    Share

    Weight Loss, Diets, and Supplements: Does Anything Work?
    Jackie L. Boucher, Kimberly J. Shafer, Jodi A. Chaffin
    Diabetes Spectrum Aug 2001, 14 (3) 169-175; DOI: 10.2337/diaspect.14.3.169
    del.icio.us logo Digg logo Reddit logo Twitter logo CiteULike logo Facebook logo Google logo Mendeley logo
    • Tweet Widget
    • Facebook Like
    • Google Plus One

    Jump to section

    • Article
      • Facts About Diets and Supplements Patients Are Trying
      • Weight Management Strategies That Can Work
      • Prioritizing Weight Management With Diabetes Management Goals
      • Bottom Line: What to Know and Say
      • Footnotes
      • References
    • Figures & Tables
    • Info & Metrics
    • PDF

    Related Articles

    Cited By...

    More in this TOC Section

    Departments

    • Smart Connected Insulin Pens, Caps, and Attachments: A Review of the Future of Diabetes Technology
    • Brief Literature Review: The Potential of Diabetes Technology to Improve Sleep in Youth With Type 1 Diabetes and Their Parents: An Unanticipated Benefit of Hybrid Closed-Loop Insulin Delivery Systems
    • Mental Health and Behavioral Screening in Pediatric Type 1 Diabetes
    Show more Departments

    Nutrition FYI

    • Chrononutrition Applied to Diabetes Management: A Paradigm Shift Long Delayed
    • The Gluten-Free Diet: Fad or Necessity?
    • Nutrition Considerations for Microbiota Health in Diabetes
    Show more Nutrition FYI

    Similar Articles

    Navigate

    • Current Issue
    • Papers in Press
    • Archives
    • Submit
    • Subscribe
    • Email Alerts
    • RSS Feeds

    More Information

    • About the Journal
    • Instructions for Authors
    • Journal Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Advertising
    • Privacy Policy: ADA Journals
    • Copyright Notice/Public Access Policy
    • Contact Us

    Other ADA Resources

    • Diabetes
    • Diabetes Care
    • Clinical Diabetes
    • Scientific Sessions Abstracts
    • Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes
    • BMJ Open - Diabetes Research & Care
    • Professional Books
    • Diabetes Forecast

     

    • DiabetesJournals.org
    • Diabetes Core Update
    • ADA's DiabetesPro
    • ADA Member Directory
    • Diabetes.org

    © 2021 by the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Spectrum Print ISSN: 1040-9165, Online ISSN: 1944-7353.